Maritime Security in European Countries: Enduring or Preventing? From the Law of the Sea to High-Security Maritime Zones (HSMZ)
Vice Admiral Christian Girard discusses here current maritime security in Europe and analyzes the threats posed by hybrid warfare, particularly those related to the Russian ghost fleet and attacks on subsea infrastructure such as cables and pipelines. To actively address these dangers, theEuropean Union, in collaboration with NATO, is focusing on enhanced surveillance, the legal instruments of the law of the sea, and coordinated defense operations. To be truly effective, he proposes a more ambitious strategic measure: the establishment of high-maritime-security zones to better protect critical supply routes and access to ports. Europe’s sovereignty and the security of its supplies are at stake.






